Vineyards, Umbria, Tuscany, Italy:

Umbria, is a region of historic and modern central Italy. It is the only region having neither a coastline nor a common border with other countries; however, the region includes the Lake Trasimeno and is crossed by the River Tiber. The regional capital is Perugia. Umbria is appreciated for its landscapes, traditions, history, artistic legacy and influence on high culture.The region is characterized by sweet and green hills and historical towns such as Assisi, Norcia, Gubbio, Spoleto, Todi, Città di Castello, Orvieto, Cascata delle Marmore, Castiglione del Lago, Passignano sul Trasimeno and other charming towns and small cities.The region is named for the Umbri tribe, one of those who were absorbed by the expansion of the Romans. Pliny the Elder recounted a fanciful derivation for the tribal name from the Greek ὄμβρος "a shower", which had led to the confused idea that they had survived the Deluge familiar from Greek mythology, giving them the claim to be the most ancient race in Italy. In fact they belonged to a broader family of neighbouring tribes with similar roots. Their language was Umbrian, one of the Italic languages, related to Latin and Oscan.The Umbri probably sprang, like neighbouring tribes, from the creators of the Terramara, and Villanovan culture in northern and central Italy, who entered north-eastern Italy at the beginning of the Bronze Age.The Etruscans were the chief enemies of the Umbri.  The Etruscan invasion went from the western seaboard towards the north and east, eventually driving the Umbrians towards the Apennine uplands and capturing 300 Umbrian towns.  Nevertheless, the Umbrian population does not seem to have been eradicated in the conquered districts.After the downfall of the Etruscans, Umbrians aided the Samnites in their struggle against Rome.Later communications with Samnium were impeded by the Roman fortress of Narni.  Romans defeated the Samnites and their Gallic allies in the battle of Sentinum.  Allied Umbrians and Etruscans had to return to their territories to defend against simultaneous Roman attacks, so were unable to help the Samnites in the battle of Sentium.

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